kyon global financial system (aalmi malyati nezam) americi dollar se mazbooti se juri

Kyon global financial system (Aalmi malyati nezam) Americi dollar se mazbooti se juri hui hai

Kyon global financial system (Aalmi malyati nezam) Americi dollar se mazbooti se juri hui hai

Is sawal ka jawab dene ke liye, chalo duniya ki currency ke nezam ko banane ki taarikh ko yaad karte hain. Monetary management ka pahla concept gold standard tha jo XIX sadi ke doosre nasf me shuru kiya gya tha.

Mukhtasar me, yah mundarza zail asoolon par mabni hai:

a) Har mulk gold ke nisbatan apni qaumi currency ki fixed exchange rate set karta tha. Markazi bank ki pahli darkhawast par, gold ke liye qaumi currency ka exchange kiya jata tha.
b) Kisi bhi mulk me raqam ki frahmi ko gold ki meqdar ke mutabiq karna parta tha. Doosre alfaz me, agar kisi mulk me gold ke meqdar me izafa hota tha to matkazi bank ko raqam frahmi me izafa karna parta tha aur vice versa. Agar kisi mulk me gold withdraw kiya jata tha, agarcheh economic situation ki zarurat nahi thi to raqam frahmi ko bhi contracted kiya jata tha.
c) Begair kisi levies ke sah gold ko export aur import kiya ja sakta tha.

Nezam ka main drawback paragraph B se aata hai. Darasal, money supply ke adjustment se domestic economy me badhti hui iftat zar ya zyada betozgari jaisi pareshani ho sakti hai.

Reference. 1936 me, Kentucky me Americi Army Post me Fort Knox nami ek bahut bada billion depository banaya gya tha. World War II ke dauran European countries se gold ko mazboot vaults me rakha gya tha. Jab ek mulk ke gold ka zakhira niche chala gya aur doosre ka badh gya, to gold bullions ko sirf ek vault se doosre me muntaqil kar duta gya tha. Is waqt, 60 se zayed mamalik ab bhi is depository me gold rakhte hain, lekin in mamalik ki list ko secret rakha gya hai.

Gold standard XX sadi ke 30s tak kamyabi se jari raha. Is daur me, nazam ne kuch parehsaniyan ka samna kiya:
1. Gold ke imports and exports ka volume us waqt khas taur se badha tha, lekin gold ki paidawar ki sherah kam degree par badhi thi. Natije ke taur par, momalik ko imports aur exports ke liye khalis taur par gold ki kami ke takniki problem ka samna karna pada. Gold ki qimat ko adjust karke is problem ko thik kiya ja sakta tha. Is soorat me, system thik tariqe se kam karega, lekin ise 10-time kam gold ki zarurat hogi. Halankeh, takniki aur qimti zewrat ke liye gold ko alag kiya jana chaiye tha. Is tarah ek mukhtalif hal paya gaya tha.
2. 30s me duniya bhar me zabardast mandi shuru ho gyi. Zyadatar momalik me sanati paidawar 30-40% tak ki kami aayi. Berozgari ki sherah dramayi taur par badh gayi. Lehaza kuch momalik ki hokumaton ne apni qaumi currencies ke tashkhis ke zariye apni dushwariyon se nimatne ka faista kiya. Is tarah ke pesh raft ne export-focused firms ke liye sazgar haalaat paida kiye kyonkeh currency conversion se exports ko faida hua. In firms ne qimaton ko foreign markets me kam kar diya. Lehaza, badhhti hui mang ke peeche export sales me izafa hua jisne paidawar ki sherah ko bdhaya. Industrial boom ne companiyon ko mazid ahalkaron ko hire karne ke liye encourage kiya. Is tarah, berozgari kam ho gya.

Aham bat yah hai keh, is hikmat amli ne gold standard par international agreement ki khilaf warzi ki kyonkeh reyasaton ko apni qaumi currencies ko devalue karne ka haque nahi tha. Fraud ke waqyat ka pata chala aur galat karne wale ko saza di gayi. In halaat ke tehat, zyadahtar momalik ko qanoon todne me dilchaspi thi. Aakhir me, nezam khatm ho gya. Global financial markets afra tafri me doob gya. Doosre alfaz me, currencies ecchange rate gair mustahkam ho gayi.

Gold standard ke khatme aur Bretton Woods system ke qyam ke darmiyan ek tawil arsa guzar gya kyonkeh Europe World War II me jaddo jahad kar raha tha aur malyati masayel ne piche ki nashisht li.

Bretton Woods Agreement. Doosri aalmi jang ke ikhtetam ke bad, Gold Standard system me shamil hone wale mumalik ne monetary aur exchange rate management par naya deal karne ka faisla kiya. Agreement Bretton Woods, America me kiya gya tha.
Agreement ke aham provisions:
a) Currencies ko gold ki qimat par aanki gyi thi.
b) Mumalik ne raqam ki frahmi ki adjustment ke bare me pichle gold standard ke paragraph ko chor diiya.
c) Chunkeh dastyab gold ke zakhayer mahdood the, participants ne doosra reserve currency chun ne ka faisla kiya, jo kafi aur mustahkam hona chahiye. Americi dollar ko gold ki qimat se munsalik reserve currency ke taur par dekha gya tha. Dar asal, doosri aalmi jung ke ikhtetam tak Americi economy sab se badi aur mustahkam thi. Is tarah, is deal ke parties ne apni qaumi currencies ko Americi dollar me dal diya aur markazi bankon ko apni currecies ke liye Americi dollar aur iske bar aks muqarrarah sherah me tabdil karna pada. Wo doosre currencies ke liye faisla karne ke liye aazad the, lekin unhen unheb Americi dollar me reserves rakhna tha.
d) Bretton Woods Agreement ke tehat, International Monetary Fund qayam kiya gya tha. Yah Washington, America me waqe tha. IMF ko ek bank ke taur par qayam kiya gya tha jo hissa lene wale mumalik se baqayeda taawun se apne reserve banata hai. IMF apne membaron ko aasan sharton par qarz fraham karne ke liye paband hai, agar in mumalakon ko apne qaumi currencies ki exchange rates ke sath pareshani aati hai.

Reference. International Monetary Fund ko Bartanwi eqtesadi aalim John Maynard Keynes ne design kiya tah. Unka khayal kamyabi se nafiz kiya gya tha. Qarz dene wale idare abhi bhi usi asool par kam karti hai aur isme 189 sharakat dar mumalik shamil hain.

System is tarah kam karta hai. Misal ke taur par, Bartaniya ke sath tijarat karte waqt France ko payment ke masayel ka samna karna pada. Bartanwi saman kharidne ke liye France me pound ki kami thi. Lehaza, pound sterling ke demand me izafa hua aur iske nitije me franc ki qimat niche aayi thi. Halankeh, France apni currency rate ko fix karne ke liye agreement me dakhil hua. Lehaza, franc ki qimat ko asal satah par laane ke liye iqdamat karna pda. France ka markazi bank is masle ko kayi tariqe se hal kar sakta tha.

1. Agar France ke markazi bank ke pas apne gair mulki zakhair me Bartanwi pound hota, to yah currency market me gair mulki modakhlat kar sakta tha aur franc ki exchange rate ko maamul par wapas la sakta tha.
2. Agar France ke markazi bank ke apne zakhair me Bartanwi pound ki kami thi lekin gold tha, to yah muqarrara qimat par Bank of England se pound ke liye qimti metal ka exchange kar sakte the. Isne franc ke exchange rate me imbalance ko offset kar diya hota.

3. Agar Franceme me gold aur pound dono ki kami thi, lekin Americi dollar the, to greenback Bank of England ko ek muqarrara exchange rate par farokht kiya ja sakta tha. Bartaniya digar currencies jaise Deutsche Mark, Italian lira, Peso wagaira ke muqable me dollar ko qabool karne ke liye majboor the.
4. Badtarin soorat haal me, agar France me pound, gold aur dollar ki kami thi, to IMF se taqriban begair kisi cost ke mumalik ko pound sterling me qarz lene ki ijazat thi. Us qarz ko currency modakhlat par istemal karna tha.
System XX sadi ke mid-70s tak is trah se kam karti thi. Us waqt, America ko kuch eqtesadi masayel ka samna karna pda, khas taur par normat rate se ooper inflation me tezi laane ke liye. Dusre mumalik soch rahe the keh Americi dollar ke sath kya chal rha tha.

Bretton Woods agreement ke tehat, tamam mumalik ne Americi dollar me reserve rakhne ko mufid smjha kyonkeh wo dollar ke zariye kisi bhi mulk ke sath trade problems se nimatne me me qabil the. Dollar ko bachane ke liye sabse aasan tariqa America ke sath trade balance ke munaf ko ensure karna tha. Us soorat hal me, America ko dollar banknotes karne ke ilawa kuch bhi nahin karna tha. Zahir hai, yah wahi hai jo wo kar rahe the. Dar asal, tmam mumalik ne razakari se America me apne saman ko fraham kiya, unhen dollar ke liye farokht kiya, aur begair kuch bhi kharide America se dollar wapas le liye. America ne wazeh taur par doosre mumalik ki qimat par is system ka fayeda uthaya.

Ab 70s me America me badhti hui ifrat zar par laut te hain. Wazuhatton me se ek izafi raqam ki frahmi thi. Aalmi community soch raha tha keh kya America ne bahut se bank noton ko print kiya tha. France ke sadar General Charles de Gaulle ne sabse pahle pahle ne sabse pahle faisla kiya tha keh gold dollar se behtar tha. Unhone ne duniya bhar me dollar kharidne ke bare me faisla kiya aur Americi bankon se gold ke liye dollar ka tabadla karne ki darkhawast ki. America ko Bretton Woods system ke mutabiq is is darkhawast ko poora kra pda. Doosre mumalik ne fauri taur par Charles de Gaulle ke misal ko follow kiya. Duniya me dollar ka khauf fail gya. Tmam mumalik dollar frokht karne ki koshish ki. Iske natije me, America ke gold ka zakhair tezi se ghat rha tha. Americi sadar Richard Nixon ka khayal tha keh yah sangeen musibat me khatm hoga. Unhone faisla kiya keh America ek muqarrara qimat par gold ke tabadle ko rok dega aur Bretton Woods system se bahar nikal jayega.

Bretton Woods agreement ke khatme ke chand mahine bad, Jamaica Accords ko floating rates ko manage karne ke maqsad se bnaya gya tha.

Yahan buniyadi provision diye gye hain.
1. Accords ne gold aur dollar ki qimat ko float karne ki ijazat di.
2. IMF ki aham taqrib usi trah rahi: currency exchange rates ko mustahkam karne ke maqsad se sharakat dar mumalik ko soft conditions par qarz fraham karna.
3. Markazi bank ko qaumi currencies ke fixed exchange rates ko yaqini bnane ki zarurat nahin thi.
4. Member countries ko apne qaumi currencies ke exchange rate ko ek makhsoos corridor ke ander rakhne ke liye iqdamat karna parta tha.
5. Tawil muddat me, qaumi currencies ke iqdar ko aasani se tabdil kar sakte the, takeh tijarat exchange rate ka andaza lga sake.
6. Currency system me currency ke khatrat ko kam karne ke maqsad se local currency systems ki taaruf ki ijazat di.

Natijah. Americi dollar ko taarikhi taur par reserve currency ki haisiyat di gyi thi. Agar doosri aalmi jung nahin hui hoti, to doosri economies ko bhi zyada eqtesadi taqat hasil hui hoti. Aaj kal, Americi dollar ne aalmi reserve currency ki haisiyat kho di hai. Fir bhi, bahut se mumalik abhi bhi Americi dollar me apne gair mulki currency ke zakhair ko tarjih dete hain.

Dear US dollar all world me strong currency hony ka darja rakti hay es ki waja United state ki economy ka strong hona hay, US dollar me payment ki transaction mehfooz samji jati hay yahi waja hay key global financial system ka relation US dollar key sath hay,1944 Bretton Woods key agreement ki waja se US dollar ko reserve ka darja dia gia jes ko all European countries se tasleem kia aur ab tak US dollar ko hi business me most strong aur reserve currency samji jati hay aur es par 1944 se hi es par all world ko trust hay.

Global Financail System :

Dear forex trading ho ya koi aor business ho sab ka depend dollar pay hay kion kah is time dollar world ka popular aor strong currency hay aor powerful country ky currency hay aor jo super power hoty hay sb aalmi malyati nezam us country kay currency ko follow karta hay is liay forex trading main bhy dollar pay market depend karta hay aor jb dollar ka rate up hota hay to forex trading market ka trend down hona start hota hay aor jb americi dollar ka rate low hota hay to forex market ka trend up hoona start hota hay is liay us dollar ka forex market kay sath chlna hota hay aor forex trading market aor sara aalmi malyati nezam dollar say jura hota hay aor yah jura hona sb aalmi malyati nezam ki majbori hoty hay.

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