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  • #16 Collapse

    et; while Japheth, Montagu & Co., and Seligman still warrant recognition as significant FX traders.[29]

    After WWII[edit]
    After WWII, the Bretton Woods Accord was signed allowing currencies to fluctuate within a range of 1% to the currencies par.[30] In Japa
       
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    • #17 Collapse

      n the law was changed during 1954 by the Foreign Exchange Bank Law, so, the Bank of Tokyo was to become, because of this, the centre of foreign exchange by September of that year. Between 1954 and 1959 Japanese law was made to allow the inclusion of many more Occidental currencies in Japanese forex.[31]
         
      • #18 Collapse

        U.S. President Richard Nixon is credited with ending the Bretton Woods Accord and fixed rates of exchange, eventually bringing about a free-floating currency system. After the ceasing of the enactment of the "Bretton Woods Accord" during 1971,[32] the Smithsonian Agreement allowed t
           
        • #19 Collapse

          rading to range to 2%. During 1961–62, the amount of foreign operations by the U.S. Federal Reserve was relatively low.[33][34] Those involved in controlling exchange rates found the boundaries of the Agreement were not realistic and so ceased this in March 1973, when sometime afterward none of the major
             
          • #20 Collapse

            currencies were maintained with a capacity for conversion to gold, organisations relied instead on reserves of currency.[35][36] During 1970 to 1973 the amount of trades occurring in the market increased three-fold.[37][38][39] At some time (according to Gandolfo during February–March 1973) some of the
               
            • #21 Collapse

              markets' were "split", so a two tier currency market was subsequently introduced, with dual currency rates. This was abolished during March 1974.[40][41][42]

              Reuters introduced during June 1973 computer monitors, replacing the telephones and telex used previously for trading quotes.[43]
                 
              • #22 Collapse

                people helping others to change
                Early modern[edit]
                Markets close[edit]
                Market size and liquidity[edit]

                Top 10 currency traders [62]
                % of overall volume, May 2014
                Rank Name Market share
                1 United States Citi 16.04%
                2 Germany Deutsche Bank 15.67%
                3 United Kingdom Barclays Investment Bank 10.91%
                4 Switzerland UBS AG 10
                   
                • #23 Collapse

                  5 United Kingdom HSBC 7.12%
                  6 United States JPMorgan 5.55%
                  7 United States Bank of America Merrill Lynch 4.38%
                  8 United Kingdom Royal Bank of Scotland 3.25%
                  9 France BNP Paribas 3.10%
                  10 United States Goldman Sachs 2.53%
                  Foreign exchange trading increased by 20% between April 2007 and April 2010
                     
                  • #24 Collapse

                    .88% and has more than doubled since 2004.[63] The increase in turnover is due to a number of factors: the growing importance of foreign exchange as an asset class, the increased trading activity of high-frequency traders, and the emergence of retail investors as an imp
                       
                    • #25 Collapse

                      ortant market segment. The growth of electronic execution and the diverse selection of execution venues has lowered transaction costs, increased market liquidity, and attracted greater participation from many customer types. In particular, electronic trading via online
                         
                      • #26 Collapse

                        portals has made it easier for retail traders to trade in the foreign exchange market. By 2010, retail trading is estimated to account for up to 10% of spot turnover, or $150 billion per day (see retail foreign exchange platform).

                        Foreign exchange is an over-the-counter market where brokers/dealers nego
                           
                        • #27 Collapse

                          tiate directly with one another, so there is no central exchange or clearing house. The biggest geographic trading center is the United Kingdom, primarily London, which according to TheCityUK estimates has increased its share of global turnover in traditional transactions from
                          Financial markets
                             
                          • #28 Collapse

                            34.6% in April 2007 to 36.7% in April 2010. Due to London's dominance in the market, a particular currency's quoted price is usually the London market price. For instance, when the International Monetary Fund calculates the value of its special drawing rights every day, they use the London market prices at noon that day.

                            Market participants[edit]
                            Philippine-stock-market-boar
                               
                            • #29 Collapse

                              Public market
                              Exchange
                              Securities
                              Bond market
                              Bond valuation
                              Corporate bond
                              Fixed income
                              Government bond
                              High-yield debt
                              Municipal bond
                              Securitization
                              Stock market
                              Common stock
                              Preferred stock
                              Registered share
                              Stock
                              Stock certificate
                              Stock exchange
                              Voting share
                              Derivatives market
                              Credit derivative
                              Futures exchange
                              Hybrid security
                              Over-the-counter
                              Forwards
                              Options
                              Spot market
                                 
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                              • #30 Collapse

                                Swaps
                                Foreign exchange
                                Currency
                                Exchange rate
                                Other markets
                                Commodity market
                                Money market
                                Reinsurance market
                                Real estate market
                                Practical trading
                                Clearing house
                                Financial market participants
                                Financial regulation
                                Finance series
                                Banks and banking
                                Corporate finance
                                Personal finance
                                Public finance
                                   

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